Doctoral Training Partnerships: a range of postgraduate training is funded by the Research Councils. For information on current funding routes, see the common terminology at https://www.ukri.org/apply-for-funding/how-we-fund-studentships/. Training grants may be to one organisation or to a consortia of research organisations. This portal will show the lead organisation only.

People's interpersonal behaviour is regulated by social and moral norms, and violations of these norms are often met with punishment. This project seeks to study what affects children's, adolescents', and adults' punishment of norm violators by combining research in developmental, experimental, and social psychology and experimental economics. We will focus particularly on how negative emotions, such as anger, influence punishment in children, adolescents, and adults. Furthermore, we are interested in how attentional control, that is disengaging attention away from negative information and thoughts, moderates when and how negative emotions affect punishment. Punishment is one mechanism responsible for the emergence and maintenance of moral behaviour. Studying children's, adolescents', and adults' punishment and the role of negative emotions in punishment will help us shed more light on how moral behavior develops over human ontogeny. We will employ two experimental economic paradigms often used to study punishment, namely the ultimatum game and the third-party punishment game. The ultimatum game assesses second-party punishment, that is punishment by an individual who is a direct victim of the violation of a norm. The third-party punishment game measures whether people are willing to enforce a norm by punishing a norm violator even if they themselves are not affected by the violation. Both games study punishment as reaction to the violation of norms of fair sharing. Participants in all three studies will consist of 8-year-old children, 14-year-old adolescents, and undergraduate students. The influence of attentional control on negative emotion processing and punishment will be assessed in two ways. First, the age groups tested have been shown to differ in their attentional control skills (as measured by a questionnaire) with children showing weaker attentional control than adolescents and adults. Second, attentional control will be manipulated experimentally in adult samples: In a distractor condition, before making a punishment decision, adult participants will be presented with a digit span task for 30 seconds. In a wait condition, participants will have to wait for 30 seconds before making a punishment decision. We will conduct six interrelated studies to investigate the role of negative emotions and attentional control in the development of punishment. Studies 1a and 1b will investigate (1) whether punishment of unfair behavior in ultimatum and third-party punishment game is associated with an increase in skin conductance responses (a measure of emotional activation) and negative emotional ratings; and (2) whether the relation between emotional reactivity (skin conductance, emotion ratings) and punishment is modulated by attentional control. Studies 2a and 2b will examine (1) whether anger (induced by watching film clips) affects punishment in ultimatum and third-party punishment game; and (2) whether children and participants in a low attentional control condition show higher punishment than adults, adolescents and people in a high attentional control condition. Studies 3a and 3b will assess how induced anger affects third-party punishment versus compensating the victim of a violation. We expect (1) that anger, compared to a neutral mood, will increase third-party punishment and decrease third-party compensation; and (2) that the effect of anger on punishment and compensation will be moderated by attentional control.

The central objective for our AHRC IAA will be to accelerate impact across our Arts and Humanities research base by driving innovative collaborations to create significant sustainable impacts that address key national and global challenges. We will do this by capitalising on our extensive network of partners and schemes to establish new opportunities, overcoming key barriers to impact (such as the relatively low appetite and financial capability for risk-taking within partner organisations in cultural and creative sectors), enabling nascent projects to gain traction and delivering a flexible scheme, allowing researchers to respond quickly and effectively to emerging opportunities. Crucially, our IAA will address a key challenge area for the Faculty in unlocking the commercial, enterprise and IP exploitation potential of our research base. The aims of our IAA are to: 1. Provide flexible and innovative support for impact; enabling researchers to undertake effective external engagement at the most appropriate time, to enable fast-tracking of significant ideas and incubate these effectively. 2. Establish significant impacts which address national and global challenges, particularly around our three core themes of Digital and technological innovation; improving healthcare, health and quality of life; developing shared understandings, visions, and actions for a sustainable future. 3. Enhance our institutional capacity for diverse impact pathways through developing and embedding new areas of impact support, especially to establish and embed new pathways around IP exploitation and commercialisation. 4. Promote a sustainable and open research culture, making our research open access and embedding responsible innovation centrally within our research and impact ethos. 5. Leverage the time, expertise, audiences, facilities, and funds afforded by our extensive networks for the development of clear benefit to partners/stakeholders, and to attract further external investment. 6. Enable and encourage an increased risk appetite and greater innovation in respect of impact activities both within our research base and external partners.

Doctoral Training Partnerships: a range of postgraduate training is funded by the Research Councils. For information on current funding routes, see the common terminology at https://www.ukri.org/apply-for-funding/how-we-fund-studentships/. Training grants may be to one organisation or to a consortia of research organisations. This portal will show the lead organisation only.

The surface of the Earth is divided up into tectonic plates that have moved throughout Earth history and these plates are continually created and destroyed at the boundaries between plates. In the oceans, features called mid-ocean ridges create new volcanic seafloor along the boundaries between two diverging tectonic plates. These mid-ocean ridges creating a vast chain of underwater volcanoes that circle the oceans like the seams of a baseball. Whilst much of the growth of new seafloor is driven by magmatic processes at mid-ocean ridges, these regions are subjected to high stresses which deform the crust in various ways, primarily along linear features called faults. When erupted onto the seafloor, crack and faults within newly formed ocean crust allow seawater to percolate deep into the crust, where it is heated and reacts with the surrounding rocks to form new minerals. This process, called hydrothermal circulation, produces variably hot fluids rich in elements that become buoyant and exit the seafloor via vents, which host unique ecosystems. The conditions here are our closest comparison to the environments where life may have first developed. Studying the seafloor rocks therefore provides us with an unrivalled opportunity to study plate tectonic processes, the evolution of our planet, and the emergence of life on Earth. To study these mid-ocean ridges we require samples of the seafloor. One way these samples can be accessed is through scientific drilling by the International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP), which recovers rock core samples drilled from beneath the seafloor. IODP Expedition 399 will sample the Atlantis Massif ocean core complex at 30N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which forms the plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates. The speeds of these plates are unusually slow. Consequently, seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is accommodated by deformation rather than magmatism. Large detachment faults bring rocks from deep in the crust to the seafloor creating domal structures called oceanic core complexes. These detachment faults promotes fluid circulation, and a positive feedback develop whereby fluids react with the fault rocks creating new, but weak secondary minerals that promote further deformation. Whilst we know a link between deformation and fluid flow exists, the grain scale mechanisms responsible for this link are poorly understood. In this project we will investigate the controlling grain-scale deformation mechanisms of detachment faulting, via microstructural analyses of fault rock samples collected on Expedition 399. We predict that the deformation mechanisms will change over time due to hydrothermal activity, which produces weak, low-friction secondary minerals. We will investigate the types of secondary alteration minerals present in the detachment fault, and how those minerals influenced deformation. We also predict that deformation mechanisms will change over time due to a reduction in temperature, which changes the mechanical properties of minerals. We will therefore constrain the temperatures at which the observed deformation occurred to understand if and how deformation evolved during cooling. Microstructural analyses will be conducted at the University of Plymouth and University of Cardiff with state-of-the-art electron microscopy techniques including electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). These techniques quantitatively constrain grain-scale deformation mechanisms, deformation temperatures and mineral chemistry, by measuring the crystal structure and chemistry of deformed rock samples. Our research will provide a new understanding of the processes which control the detachment faults. This is vital for understanding the relationships between deformation and hydrothermal activity at slow-spreading ridges, and the controls that those processes have on plate tectonics and hydrothermal ecosystems.