Current research in explosives detection focuses across key themes spanning the mode of signal transduction involved, including Optical, Electrical, Gravimetric and Calorimetric based solutions. Significant progress has been made in optical based detection systems and to date the most successful strategies are based upon solid state fluorescent materials and modulation of analyte interactions via electron transfer. With the exception of the conjugated polymers however, few materials have been incorporated or commercialised into device driven architectures. The future for fluorescence based sensors is in exploitable solid state technologies with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. This proposal aims to combine the advantages of optical and electrical signal transduction to facilitate a synergistic optoelectronic sensor based upon bi-layer thin film photoconductor technology. Bi-layer heterojunctions play key roles in optoelectronic devices such as photovoltaics, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDS) and photoreceptors. The interface is responsible for creation and dissociation of photogenerated excitons into charge carriers that are transported to the electrodes via applied bias. Compared with chemiresistors and field effect transistors, separation of the processes of charge generation and charge transport into two different films in a heterojunction facilitates a more simplistic optimisation of the physical processes involved. Analyte detection via modulation of current output from lateral bi-layer photoconductors is possible using exciton generating layers whose photoluminescence efficiency is affected by local environment. Many potential organic fluorophores that could fulfil this role are however, poorly emissive in the solid-state from aggregation induced quenching effects and rational control of these unfavourable interactions is crucial for their future realisation in functional applications. Organic dyes and pigments are ubiquitous materials in photoconductive technologies such as xerography, upon which lateral bi-layer heterojunction sensors are based. They are effective in charge generation through careful manipulation of purity, crystallinity and morphology and as such make extremely attractive materials for the construction of bi-layer sensors. Furthermore, many dyes and pigments are amenable to organic functionalisation and crystal engineering, facilitating introduction of analyte specific recognition sites, tuneable absorption and controlled morphology to provide broadband sensor architecture. Thus, this proposal aims to develop a systematic understanding of the role of molecular design and crystal engineering on the solid state chemistry of photoluminescent dyes and pigments which can be exploited via the bi-layer approach. This aspect of the proposed research addresses several technical challenges in materials science and the fabrication of a device employing organic dyes and pigments, and metal oxides will require an in-depth understanding of their preparation, photochemistry and solid state properties. Devices based upon this structure offer significant advantages in explosives detection, providing an opportunity for high sensitivity, large dynamic range and selective target recognition with built in adaptability to changing threats. Additionally, this type of system would be non-invasive, portable and rugged, with few moving parts and the potential to offer a rapid analyte response mechanism that can be directly modulated into an electrical output.

Resource use efficiency can be improved by either maintaining yield with lower crop inputs (e.g. fertiliser or pesticides) or increasing yield with the same, or reduced, crop inputs. Increasing yield is likely to be the most sustainable approach given the need to ensure global food security and the limited scope for expanding the cropped area. A recently completed LINK project (LK0958) identified regions of chromosomes 3A and 7D (known as quantitative trait loci or QTL) that were associated with increased resource use efficiency resulting from yield increases of 0.3 to 0.4 t/ha (at a given level of crop inputs). A smaller yield effect QTL was also found on chromosome 6A. These QTL were also associated with a lower resistance to lodging primarily as a result of greater height, and also due to a smaller stem wall width and root plate spread. Several other height QTL were found which did not affect yield. It was also shown that some height QTL were twice as responsive as others to shortening by plant growth regulator (PGR) chemicals. These discoveries offer the prospect of increasing resource use efficiency by combining QTL for increased yield (at a given level of inputs) with QTL for increased lodging resistance (through crop shortening), as well as by improving lodging control through better targeting of PGRs. However this is not currently possible because the genetic markers identified in LK0958 are not close enough to the specific genes located within the QTL region for the breeders to reliably identify the presence of the positive genes in a range of genetic backgrounds. This project aims to increase resource use efficiency by developing reliable genetic markers and a physiological understanding for QTL that increase yield and lodging resistance without increasing the crop's requirement for inputs. This will be achieved by: 1) Developing varieties that differ only for the region of chromosome with the QTL for resource use efficiency (near isogenic lines) which will be used to achieve objectives 2 and 3, 2) Identifying more reliable genetic markers for these QTL, 3) Understanding the physiological mechanisms by which these QTL act and quantifying effects on resource use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions, 4) Investigating which yield and height QTL are in current varieties and the scope for combining them to increase resource use efficiency through greater yield and reduced lodging risk, and 5) Quantifying the responsiveness of the different height QTL to different PGR active ingredients. A major component of this project will involve cloning the gene within the height/yield QTL on chromosome 3A to produce a 'perfect' genetic marker. New markers will be developed for the other QTL which will have much greater reliability due to their closer proximity. This will allow breeders to design crosses to achieve the optimum combination of height and yield QTL in a given cross. Understanding the physiological mechanisms by which the QTL affect yield (e.g. is sink (grains/m2) or source (supply of assimilate) increased) will help to identify the crop management practices required to achieve these greater yields with minimum crop inputs, and thereby increasing resource use efficiency. Genetic markers for the height QTL will also be used to predict which varieties will respond most to PGRs with different modes of action. As PGRs are used prophylactically on the majority of wheat crops this will allow their use to be avoided on unresponsive varieties. It is estimated that the project will increase resource use efficiency by 10% through greater yields and better lodging control. The project will also complement the Defra funded Wheat Genetic Improvement Network (WGIN) by phenotyping the near isogenic lines (NILs) produced within the network and producing new NILs that can be added to the network's genetic resources.

Wheat varieties combining high yield and good resistance against three of the main foliar diseases in the UK (Septoria tritici blotch, yellow rust and brown rust) have proved elusive. There is now significant evidence in the scientific literature that some disease resistance genes, introduced into varieties by conventional plant breeding, impose a yield penalty on the crop. Hence, breeding for disease resistance creates 'yield drag' which slows the rate of yield improvement. This acts as a disincentive for breeders to focus efforts on selection for resistance, so most commercially popular, high yielding wheat varieties are susceptible to foliar diseases. The result of this is that fungicides are routinely used to control important foliar diseases. Dependence on fungicides is associated with high input costs for the grower and strong pressure for the disease-causing pathogens to develop insensitivity to the fungicides used, reducing the number of fungicides that remain effective. The project proposed here will test important disease resistance genes for their effects on attainable yield. This is difficult to achieve in plant breeding programmes currently, because: (i) there are large numbers of genes to test, (ii) without careful experimentation, measurements of the yield loss caused by each gene are hidden by the yield benefit they provide via disease control, and (iii) testing requires production of wheat lines that differ for presence or absence of the resistance gene but are otherwise highly similar. This is important in order to rule out any effects on yield caused by other differences between the resistant and susceptible wheat lines. It would be useful to be able to select resistance genes which provide the benefit of disease control, without an associated yield cost. Recently, evidence has accumulated that the deleterious effects on yield may be caused by disease resistance responses in the cells of the leaf surface disrupting the function of adjacent stomata. Stomata are pores in the leaf surface that normally open during the day (to allow CO2 to enter the leaf for photosynthesis) and close at night (to prevent unnecessary water loss when the leaf is not photosynthesising). As a result of the stomatal dysfunction caused by the resistance response, they may fail to open fully during the day or fail to shut properly at night. The project proposed here will test the idea that measurements of stomatal function can be used to screen resistance genes, to identify those which are, or are not, likely to have deleterious effects on yield. This would allow wheat breeders to focus on introducing genes which are effective against foliar diseases and benign in their effects on the plant.

This proposal for LINK funded project will build on a solid base of work currently underway, funded through existing LINK programmes, BBSRC, directly by industry, the Scottish Government and the NIAB Trust fund. The proposed study will seek to initiate a better understanding of wheat root growth, morphology and functional relationships with nutrient and water uptake. Methods to describe roots in a diverse range of winter wheat types will be implemented in controlled glasshouse conditions and in the field. The project will form the foundation for improving nutrient sequestration and conversion in this important UK crop through initiation of pre-breeding and development of ideal root ideotypes suitable for use in current and future wheat production. The consortium will concentrate on efficient or enhanced use of resources, especially nitrogen and phosphate and will consider interactions with water availability. In addition, the importance of interactions with beneficial mycorrhizal fungi on nutrient sequestration and the negative impact of soil-borne pathogenic fungi on susceptible genotypes will be considered under field conditions. Finally, the potential impact of agrochemical seed coats on root performance will be assessed. Overall, research in root biology leading to increases in nutrient uptake efficiency will contribute to reductions in diffuse pollution and will substantially reduce green house gas emission due a reduction in the use of nitrogen fertilisers in wheat cultivation

Our ATP encompasses the entire agri-food sector and includes partners from leading research-based universities/institutions: University of Nottingham (top in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise in Panel 16: Agriculture, Food and Veterinary Science), Cranfield University (which accounts for 25% of the UK's full-time postgraduates in the agriculture and environment sector), Harper Adams University College (the UK's leading land-based HE college) and Rothamsted Research (the largest agricultural research centre in the UK). Therefore, within this consortium, we have both complementary research expertise and experience in offering all levels of training within the sector from CPD courses to research degrees. The wide-ranging nature and structure of our ATP will enable participants to select training across the sectors. For example, an individual working in fresh produce might wish to select modules in crop production alongside food quality, food safety and business management. Such an integrative approach will enable us to respond to industry need, and offer the potential for innovative cross-feeding in such training. A common theme from our industry partners was that graduates are highly specialised, but also mobile within the industry, and would benefit from a wider understanding of the agri-food sector (e.g. Bakkavor responded that the ATP would provide an 'opportunity for cross-skilling courses for key food sector roles'). We will develop a flexible and responsive Advanced Training Partnership spanning the entire agri-food supply chain, including soils, water, crops, animals, post-harvest, food and nutrition. Feedback from industry has demonstrated the demand for such an holistic view, as the modern agri-food industry is not confined to particular 'sectors'. We aim to harness the scientific and teaching expertise of higher-education (HE) partners with scientific outputs from the BBSRC and other funding bodies, to deliver to a wide cohort of work-based learners, that will encompass and enable a 'CPD to PhD' progression. Our comprehensive offer will enable participants to become life-long members of the ATP, enjoy the benefits of belonging to a vibrant community of colleagues in industry and academia, and obtain a wide range of technical and contextual skills that can be deployed for maximum impact across the chain. One-day courses, workshops and conferences will be organised in association with the appropriate levy bodies and other consortium colleagues who are experiences in delivery of training. This will minimise overlap with existing provision and allow us to pool resources to develop more effective training. Training towards formal qualifications will be delivered in a number of formats. Feedback from industry has shown that flexibility is essential, hence modules will be offered via intensive blocks of teaching, work-based modules and e-learning. For those who decide to pursue an MSc, MRes or Doctorate, the research project will be based in industry with joint supervision from the employer and an academic partner. Placements in industry and academia, of flexible duration (Knowledge Exchange Partnerships) will be offered within the ATP. These may be 'stand alone' or research training placements for those undertaking MSc or Doctoral studies. Partners have experinence of managing joint academe/industry research degree programmes through, for example, CASE awards. Fee bursaries will be offered for individuals currently employed in the agri-food sector. In the first 3 years of the partnership, the bursaries will cover 100% of the course fee, with industry contributing staff time and travel expenses. From year 4 onwards, the level of the fee bursaries will gradually reduce, with industry contributing a greater proportion towards the course fees each year. We have thus designed a financial model that will ensure long-term sustainability of the ATP beyond the grant period.