A failure to quantitatively control adhesion costs billions of euros each year in failed components, suboptimal product performance and life-threatening infections. Nano-enabled and bio-inspired products offer practical solutions to overcome adhesion and friction problems in these application areas. Current tools and methodologies, however, have so far failed to produce any standardised interpretation of adhesion data linking nanoscale adhesion to the macroscopic data. OYSTER uses contact mechanics to bridge adhesion data at multiple length scales and link interfacial adhesion to physicochemical properties. OYSTER brings Europe’s first-class laboratories and SMEs to take existing nanoscale characterisation technologies towards widespread utilisation in process optimisation and model validation. OYSTER achieves this by sharing metadata in an Open Innovation Environment, where new paradigms of multi-scale contact mechanics are validated on selected application oriented reference materials through continuous interaction with the European Materials Characterisation Council (EMCC). This way, OYSTER generates wider agreement over adhesion measurement protocols by multimodal Atomic Force Microscopy and high-speed nanoindentation. Tools and methodologies at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 4 will be progressed to TRL 6 through unambiguous, standardised, quantitative measurements of adhesion from nano- to macro-scale. Nano-patterned wear resistant surfaces and chemically/topologically functionalised soft contact lenses will show case nano-enabled and bioinspired products for significant market impact. In this way, OYSTER implements the triangle of modelling, characterisation and manufacturing to the wider context of industrial exploitation specially through small and medium enterprises, stakeholders’ networks such as EMCC, European Materials Modelling Councils (EMMC) and European Pilot Project Network (EPPN), and international standard organisations.

Summary: A novel laboratory scale continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) system has been developed for the controlled synthesis of inorganic nano-materials (particles <100nm) with potential commercial applications from sunscreens and battery materials to fuel cell components and photocatalysts. The CHFS system has many advantages; it is a green technology (using supercritical water as the reagent), which utilises inexpensive precursors (metal nitrate salts) and can controllably produce high quality, technologically important functional nano-materials in an efficient single step (or fewer steps than conventionally). This project seeks to move the existing laboratory scale CHFS system (developed over the past few years at QMUL) towards a x10 pilot scale-up (nano-powder production of up to 500g per 12h depending on variables). The proposed research will initially compare the ability to control particle characteristics of the CHFS system at the laboratory scale over a large range of process variables (flow rates, temperatures, pressures, etc), building full operational envelopes that will describe reactor variables versus particle properties for each material. In particular, we will utilise process analytical technology (PAT)and the data will help develop univariate and multivariate understanding of the temporal operational spaces and interactions between process variables and product quality. PATand chemometrics incorporated with combined computational fluid dynamics modelling of hydrodynamics/mixing and population balance modelling of particle size evolution via nano-precipitation will be used to study alternative nozzles designs and other potential bottleneck factors. This will lead to a generic strategy for scaling up and controlled manufacture of nanomaterials with consistent, reproducible and predictable quality. The scale up quantities of nano-powders from the pilot plant will allow industrial partners to perform prototyping or comprehensive commercial evaluation of nano-powders in a range of applications which they have hitherto not been able to conduct due to lack of sufficient high quality material. Importantly, the know-how acquired on the project and the proposed feasibility studies will reduce the risk and commercial barriers for industry that might consider building a larger industrial scale CHFS plant in the future.

Plastic electronics (PE) refers to the science and engineering of molecular electronic materials (MEMs), notably conjugated polymers, and their applications to areas such as displays, lighting, flexible electronics, solar energy conversion, sensing, and healthcare. The driving force behind PE is the fact that MEMs can be processed from solution, opening up device manufacture schemes using printing/coating processes similar to those used for conventional plastics. Compared to current inorganic-based technologies, this could lead to large reductions in cost and substantial energy savings when applied to the manufacture of solar cells or energy efficient plastic lighting products.Nationally and globally, markets for the first PE products (e.g. OLED displays) are expanding rapidly while large new markets emerge, in both developed and developing countries. Hence, exceptionally high demand exists globally for skilled scientists and engineers at all stages: in materials supply, device design, engineering and manufacture, and printing/coating equipment production.The world-leading, agenda-setting UK academic PE research, much of it sponsored by EPSRC, offers enormous potential for development and growth of this UK technology sector. Although this potential is recognised by UK government and industry, growth is severely limited by the shortage of trained scientists and engineers capable of carrying ideas forward to application. This is confirmed by industry experts who argue that a comprehensive training programme is essential to deliver the workforce of scientists and engineers needed to create a sustainable UK PE Industry.The proposed DTC addresses this need providing the first post-graduate programme focussed on the training of physical science graduates in PE science and technology. The DTC brings together two leading academic teams in the PE area: the ICL groups, with expertise in the physics, chemistry and application of MEMs, and the polymer technologists at QMUL. This compact, London-based consortium encompasses all the disciplines relevant to PE, including materials physics, optoelectronics, physical chemistry, device engineering and modelling, design, synthesis and processing of MEMs as well as relevant industrial experience. Both teams have been strengthened recently, both through new appointments and by expanded or refurbished laboratory space. This investment reflects the strategic intent of ICL and QMUL to foster the PE research area.The proposal aims to devlop an integrated postgraduate training programme, consisting of a one-year M.Res. degree with taught courses on all aspects of MEMs, and a formative research project, followed by a three-year PhD project. Training will continue throughout the four years via short courses in advanced topics, practical training (processing/characterisation techniques), and professional skills training (both generic and discipline specific). Ten students per annum will be supported by the DTC. An additional ten will be supported by project studentships, industrial and other sources to create a critical student mass leading to an output of 100 trained scientists after 8 years. A large fraction of the DTC's interdisciplinary projects will have industrial input, either through placement with partners, through co-supervision or through access to facilities offered by industrial partners. An open call for project proposals will enable new academic and industrial members to interact with the DTC, fostering and enlarging cross-disciplinary collaborations, and enable response of the DTC's research portfolio to the developing scientific and industrial scene.