Cyanobacteria blooms frequently disturb the functioning of freshwater ecosystems and their uses, due to the toxins dangerous to health that cyanobacteria are able to synthesize. Therefore, many countries have implemented monitoring programs aimed at reducing the risk of human exposure to these toxins. The main limitation is related to the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria. In the vertical dimension, these organisms can stay in different layers in the water column and in the horizontal scale, the cells may accumulate in some area of the water body, under the action of winds or currents. In an attempt to improve monitoring, many research projects have been undertaken in order to develop new tools, like buoys developed during the program PROLIPHYC (ANR PRECODD). This tool is highly relevant but it does not allow assessing the horizontal distribution of cyanobacteria and its cost remains expensive. In addition, if satellite remote sensing can be considered very useful for estimating biomass and horizontal distribution of cyanobacteria in a water body, the cost of this technology and the lack of satellite availability make it unaffordable for routine monitoring. In this context, our OSS-CYANO project aims to develop and validate a new, low-cost aerial sensor, to be used in a fixed single location, or deployed in network, to detect the presence of cyanobacteria in a water body. In addition, OSS-CYANO also aims to implement a drone capable of carrying the sensor to perform spatial measurements on large water bodies or river sections, and other instruments for water sampling or for performing underwater measurements. Our project is organized into five tasks. Task 1 is dedicated to (i) the coordination of the project, (ii) the scientific animation and dialogue with end-users through the formation of a monitoring committee and (iii) dissemination of results, including the organization at the end of the project of an international workshop dedicated to new monitoring tools. The second task will help to identify potential end-users and identify their expectations for the developed tools. Task 3, a key task of the project, will involve technical development of the sensor (wavelength selection, influence of natural processes on the measurements ...) and of the drone system (implementation of an adaptive platform for supporting the measuring equipments). These developments will largely benefit on the facilities offered by the support center PLANAQUA (French label "Investissement d’avenir ") which provides all the required facilities to carry out tests of the sensor on a range of aquatic systems, from microcosm to macrocosm. The fourth task will test in real conditions of application, and in the long term, the sensor and the drone on different lakes and river systems impacted by representative cyanobacteria. Finally, the last task will relate to (i) data processing methodologies and data integration, (ii) the implementation of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model using data from the sensor and / or drone to forecast short-term changes of the spatial dispersion of cyanobacteria in a water body, and (iii) to define the characteristics of a future warning system. This project relies on the participation of six laboratories and a private company. All these teams have the required skills for all planned work and have already collaborated on previous research projects.

It is presently acknowledged and scientifically proven than climate related hazards have the potential to substantially affect the lifespan and effectiveness or even destroy of European Critical Infrastructures (CI), particularly the energy, transportation sectors, buildings, marine and water management infrastructure with devastating impacts in EU appraising the social and economic losses. The main strategic objective of EU-CIRCLE is to move towards infrastructure network(s) that is resilient to today’s natural hazards and prepared for the future changing climate. Furthermore, modern infrastructures are inherently interconnected and interdependent systems ; thus extreme events are liable to lead to ‘cascade failures’. EU-CIRCLE’s scope is to derive an innovative framework for supporting the interconnected European Infrastructure’s resilience to climate pressures, supported by an end-to-end modelling environment where new analyses can be added anywhere along the analysis workflow and multiple scientific disciplines can work together to understand interdependencies, validate results, and present findings in a unified manner providing an efficient “Best of Breeds” solution of integrating into a holistic resilience model existing modelling tools and data in a standardised fashion. It, will be open & accessible to all interested parties in the infrastructure resilience business and having a confirmed interest in creating customized and innovative solutions. It will be complemented with a webbased portal.The design principles, offering transparency and greater flexibility, will allow potential users to introduce fully tailored solutions and infrastructure data, by defining and implementing customised impact assessment models, and use climate / weather data on demand.

Optimization is what you do if you run out of on innovative ideas. Current practice in integrated water management predominantly use multi-objective optimization approaches with aggregated objectives. This biases results towards the status quo and against innovative solutions, can foster stakeholder resistance, while also raising ethical concerns related to the inclusion of undesirable and/or hidden trade-offs1. In contrast, many-objectives optimization approaches can consider many non-aggregated objectives, which has the potential to enrich the solution space with alternative courses of action that better reflect the diverging perspectives of stakeholders, and align better with ethical concerns. From the viewpoint of ethics, disaggregated assessment criteria are preferred as these may avoid undesirable and hidden trade-offs. Apart from some pioneering studies in economics and reliability engineering, no methods currently exist that are specifically aim to avoid such undesirable trade-offs. Here many-objective approaches to optimization and decision making offer a promising way-forward. Water resources management increasingly relies on integrated models to analyses the socio-economic benefits of the scarce resource. These models typically connect sectoral water uses to water resources, and to performance indicators. These integrated models offer great potential in enabling more sustainable management of water resources. Currently these advances in modelling are however in many cases not exploited because their outputs are evaluated using multi-objective optimization on pre-maturely aggregated objective functions that cancel out the potential advantages of these integrated models in unpredictable ways. In the context of Integrated Water Resources Management, many-objective approaches offer greater opportunities to handle the many non-aggregated objectives that arise from sectoral integration. In the face of climate change and growing water scarcity the expansion of the solution space and the identification of innovative strategies for water management issues that many-objective approaches have on offer is of great relevance. For dissemination and implementation it is important that these innovations do not only offer methodological improvements for water managers, but specifically address the innovative characteristics of solutions, the improved alignment with the interests of stakeholders, as well as producing solutions that are ethically more just. The promise of the many-objectives methods regarding alternative courses of action is especially relevant under conditions of climate change and socio-economic developments and a growing emphasis on sustainability and inclusiveness in addition to efficiency and effectiveness. The virtues of many-objective approaches have barely reached current practice in water management in Europe and beyond. To realize the promise this research operationalizes many-objective approaches for water management and contrasts them to existing practices. The project develops, operationalizes, and incorporates many-objective optimization in existing regional water management models. In close collaboration with local stakeholders and water managers. We apply both existing multi-objective methods and collaboratively developed many-objective approaches and compare and contrast the strategies that emerge from both as a concrete contribution to practice. Our contribution to science focusses on the validity of the many-objective hypotheses for water management. Finally for our project partners in our case study areas, we deliver operational models and software for implementation in daily management and decision making practice. Our case studies cover water management practices under divers climatic, hydrological, soil and socio-economic condition encountered in current and climate change affected Europe and beyond, and serve to disseminate innovated practices.