Aerosol science, the study of airborne particles from the nanometre to the millimetre scale, has been increasingly in the public consciousness in recent years, particularly due to the role played by aerosols in the transmission of COVID-19. Vaccines and medications for treating lung and systemic diseases can be delivered by aerosol inhalation, and aerosols are widely used in agricultural and consumer products. Aerosols are a key mediator of poor air quality and respiratory and cardiac health outcomes. Improving human health depends on insights from aerosol science on emission sources and transport, supported by standardised metrology. Similar challenges exist for understanding climate, with aerosol radiative forcing remaining uncertain. Furthermore, aerosol routes to the engineering and manufacture of new materials can provide greener, more sustainable alternatives to conventional approaches and offer routes to new high-performance materials that can sequester carbon dioxide. The physical science underpinning the diverse areas in which aerosols play a role is rarely taught at undergraduate level and the training of postgraduate research students (PGRs) has been fragmentary. This is a consequence of the challenges of fostering the intellectual agility demanded of a multidisciplinary subject in the context of any single academic discipline. To begin to address these challenges, we established the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Aerosol Science in 2019 (CDT2019). CDT2019 has trained 92 PGRs with 40% undertaking industry co-funded research projects, leveraged £7.9M from partners and universities based on an EPSRC investment of £6.9M, and broadened access to our unique training environment to over 400 partner employees and aligned students. CDT2019 revealed strong industrial and governmental demand for researchers in aerosol science. Our vision for CDT2024 is to deliver a CDT that 'meets user needs' and expands the reach and impact of our training and research in the cross-cutting EPSRC theme of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, specifically in areas where aerosol science is key. The Centre brings together an academic team from the Universities of Bristol (the hub), Bath, Birmingham, Cambridge, Hertfordshire, Manchester, Surrey and Imperial College London spanning science, engineering, medical, and health faculties. We will assemble a multidisciplinary team of supervisors with expertise in chemistry, physics, chemical and mechanical engineering, life and medical sciences, and environmental sciences, providing the broad perspective necessary to equip PGRs to address the challenges in aerosol science that fall at the boundaries between these disciplines. To meet user needs, we will devise and adopt an innovative Open CDT model. We will build on our collaboration of institutions and 80 industrial, public and third sector partners, working with affiliated academics and learned societies to widen global access to our training and catalyse transformative research, establishing the CDT as the leading global centre for excellence in aerosol science. Broadly, we will: (1) Train over 90 PGRs in the physical science of aerosols equipping 5 cohorts of graduates with the professional agility to tackle the technical challenges our partners are addressing; (2) Provide opportunities for Continuing Professional Development for partner employees, including a PhD by work-based, part-time study; (3) Deliver research for end-users through partner-funded PhDs with collaborating academics, accelerating knowledge exchange through PGR placements in partner workplaces; (4) Support the growth of an international network of partners working in aerosol science through focus meetings, conferences and training. Partners and academics will work together to deliver training to our cohorts, including in the areas of responsible innovation, entrepreneurship, policy, regulation, environmental sustainability and equality, diversity and inclusion.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is undergoing an era of explosive growth. With increasingly capable AI agents such as chatGPT, AlphaFold, Gato and DALL-E capturing the public imagination, the potential impact of AI on modern society is becoming ever clearer for all to see. APRIL is a project that seeks to bring the benefits of AI to the electronics industry of the UK. Specifically, we aspire developing AI tools for cutting development times for everything from new, fundamental materials for electronic devices to complicated microchip designs and system architectures, leading to faster, cheaper, greener and overall, more power-efficient electronics. Imagine a future where extremely complex and intricate material structures, far more complex than what a human could design alone, are optimised by powerful algorithms (such as an AlphaFold for semiconductor materials). Or consider intelligent machines with domain-specialist knowledge (think of a Gato-like system trained on exactly the right milieu of skills) experimenting day and night with manufacturing techniques to build the perfect electronic components. Or yet what if we had algorithms trained to design circuits by interacting with an engineer in natural language (like a chatGPT with specialist knowledge)? Similar comments could be made about systems that would take care of the most tedious bits of testing and verifying increasingly complex systems such as mobile phone chipsets or aircraft avionics software, or indeed for modelling and simulating electronics (both potentially achievable by using semi-automated AI coders such as Google's "PaLM" model). This is precisely the cocktail of technologies that APRIL seeks to develop. In this future, AI - with its capabilities of finding relevant information, performing simple tasks when instructed to do so and its incredible speed - would operate under the supervision of experienced engineers for assisting them in creating electronics suited to an ever-increasing palette of requirements, from low-power systems to chips manufactured to be recyclable to ultra-secure systems for handling the most sensitive and private data. To achieve this, APRIL brings together a large consortium of universities, industry and government bodies, working together to develop: i) the new technologies of the future, ii) the tools that will make these technologies a reality and very importantly, iii) the people with the necessary skills (for building as well as using such new tools) to ensure that the UK remains a capable and technologically advanced player in the global electronics industry.

The Sustainable Chemicals and Materials Manufacturing Hub (SCHEMA) will transform current centralised, fossil-based petrochemicals manufacturing into a sustainable, flexible and digital industry; replacing oil and gas with raw materials from wastes, air and water, driving processes with renewable electricity rather than heat and integrating advances in and computation and information technology to design future materials for functionality and sustainability throughout their life cycles. SCHEMA will deliver UK supply chain resilience and manufacturing sector interconnectivity from chemicals to polymers. By exploiting synergies between diverse industry users, SCHEMA empowers high-growth 'downstream' businesses in transport, energy generation/storage, construction, electronics and fast-moving consumer goods to reach net-zero emissions. This vision requires both a critical mass of diverse research expertise and focussed academic-industry collaboration. SCHEMA convenes experts in sustainable chemistry, process engineering, polymer science and digital technologies from the Universities of Oxford, Bath, Cambridge, Cardiff, Liverpool, Centre for Process Innovation, National Composites Centre, 2 Local Enterprise Partnerships, 25 companies and international partners to co-deliver innovative research, commercialisation and manufacturing advances for a net-zero chemical manufacturing future. Led by Prof Charlotte Williams, SCHEMA augments existing Future Manufacturing Hubs by focussing on interconnected, fundamental research to address four inter-connected sustainable chemical manufacturing Grand Challenges: Transform renewable resources & wastes, with renewable power, to chemicals & polymers. Develop innovative manufacturing processes adaptable for future operations. Integrate digital and information technologies to maximise sustainability and resilience. Design products for life-cycle sustainability, i.e. re-manufacturing, recycling and, in some cases, biodegradation to keep sustainable carbon recirculating. SCHEMA will deliver these through five inter-linked research work packages (WPs) across the manufacturing supply chain: Catalysis and Renewable Power: Selective, scalable and efficient methods to transform air (CO2, water, O2) and wastes into chemical intermediates and monomers. Processes must integrate with renewables, exploiting novel electrochemistry and engineering. Digital and Information Technologies: High efficiency manufacturing delivered through innovative chemistry, in situ/operando analyses, computational feedback loops and automation. Polymerizations and Application Development: Transforming 'green' chemical intermediates into sustainable polymers, elastomers, resins and adhesives. Process Chemistry and Engineering: Developing reactor and process engineering, scalable processes and purification designs for sustainable multi-phase manufacturing process chemistry and engineering. Sustainability Assessments: Assessment, benchmarking and standardisation of new manufacturing processes and products using leading sustainability and techno-economic models. Research integrated and prioritised for technical and theoretical breakthroughs. SCHEMA will integrate industry into these five themes via: