The vision for our research programme is to pave the way for a fundamentally different approach in which cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are diagnosed, monitored and treated: We propose to develop a diagnosis-driven "smart Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanner" that it is no longer a mere imaging device but instead becomes a highly sophisticated diagnostic tool. The output of a patient scan with the proposed smart MR scanner will not be just an image, but instead a comprehensive diagnostic assessment and interpretation of the patient's cardiovascular health/disease, enabling optimal treatment decisions for best patient outcome. The current approach to cardiovascular MR imaging (cMRI) is essentially serial: image acquisition is followed by image analysis and clinical interpretation. In addition, cardiac/respiratory motion is currently resulting in long scanning times for cMRI, with only a small fraction of the data (10-20%) being used for image reconstruction. This leads to breath-holds that are difficult to tolerate by sick patients. Furthermore, the characterization of clinically relevant tissue parameters requires the acquisition of multiple images which is inefficient. The absolute quantification of tissue parameters also remains a major technical challenge, leading to difficulties in interpreting tissue contrast parameters across scanners, clinical centres and patient populations. Finally, the objective interpretation of comprehensive, multi-parametric cMRI in the context of other complex non-imaging data is highly challenging for clinicians. We propose a transformative approach in which acquisition, analysis and interpretation are tightly coupled, with feedback between the different stages in order to optimize the overall objective: Extracting clinically useful information. Developing such an integrated approach to cardiac imaging will enable rapid, continuous and comprehensive imaging that is both simpler and more efficient than current practice, eliminating "dead time" between separate specialized acquisitions and allowing extraction of multiple dynamic as well as tissue contrast parameters simultaneously.

Data science and artificial intelligence will transform the way in which we live and work, creating new opportunities and challenges to which we must respond. Some of the greatest opportunities lie in the field of human health, where data science can help us to predict and diagnose disease, determine the effectiveness of existing treatments, and improve the quality and affordability of care. The Oxford EPSRC CDT in Health Data Science will provide training in: - core data science principles and techniques, drawing upon expertise in computer science, statistics, and engineering - the interpretation and analysis of different kinds of health data, drawing upon expertise in genomics, imaging, and sensors - the methodology and practice of health data research, drawing upon expertise in population health, epidemiology, and research ethics The training will be provided by academics from five university departments, working together to provide a coordinated programme of collaborative learning, practical experience, and research supervision. The CDT will be based in the Oxford Big Data Institute (BDI), a hub for multi-disciplinary research at the heart of the University's medical campus. A large area on the lower ground floor of the BDI building will be allocated to the CDT. This area will be refurbished to provide study space for the students, and dedicated teaching space for classes, workshops, group exercises, and presentations. Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (OUH), one of the largest teaching hospitals in the UK, will provide access to real-world clinical and laboratory data for training and research purposes. OUH will provide also access to expertise in clinical informatics and data governance, from a practical NHS perspective. This will help students to develop a deep understanding of health data and the mechanisms of healthcare delivery. Industrial partners - healthcare technology and pharmaceutical companies - will contribute to the training in other ways: helping to develop research proposals; participating in data challenges and workshops; and offering placements and internships. This will help students to develop a deep understanding of how scientific research can be translated into business innovation and value. The Ethox Centre, also based within the BDI building, will provide training in research ethics at every stage of the programme, and the EPSRC ORBIT team will provide training in responsible research and innovation. Ethics and research responsibility are central to health data science, and the CDT will aim to play a leading role in developing and demonstrating ethical, responsible research practices. The CDT will work closely with national initiatives in data science and health data research, including the ATI and HDR UK. Through these initiatives, students will be able to interact with researchers from a wide network of collaborating organisations, including students from other CDTs. There will also be opportunities for student exchanges with international partners, including the Berlin Big Data Centre. Students graduating from the CDT will be able to understand and explore complex health datasets, helping others to ask questions of the data, and to interpret the results. They will be able to develop the new algorithms, methods, and tools that are required. They will be able to create explanatory and predictive models for disease, helping to inform treatment decisions and health policy. The emphasis upon 'team science' and multi-disciplinary working will help to ensure that our students have a lasting, positive impact beyond their own work, delivering value for the organisations that they join and for the whole health data science community.

Building upon our existing flagship industry-linked EPSRC & MRC CDT in Systems Approaches to Biomedical Science (SABS), the new EPSRC CDT in Sustainable Approaches to Biomedical Science: Responsible and Reproducible Research - SABS:R^3 - will train a further five cohorts, each of 15 students, in cutting-edge systems approaches to biomedical research and, uniquely within the UK, in advanced practices in software engineering. Our renewed goal is to bring about a transformation of the research culture in computational biomedical science. Computational methods are now at the heart of biomedical research. From the simulation of the behaviour of complex systems, through the design and automation of laboratory experiments, to the analysis of both small and large-scale data, well-engineered software has proved capable of transforming biomedical science. Biomedical science is therefore dependent as never before on research software. Industries reliant on this continued innovation in biomedical science play a critical role in the UK economy. The biopharmaceutical and medical technology industrial sectors alone generate an annual turnover of over £63 billion and employ 233,000 scientists and staff. In his foreword to the 2017 Life Sciences Industrial Strategy, Sir John Bell noted that, "The global life sciences industry is expected to reach >$2 trillion in gross value by 2023... there are few, if any, sectors more important to support as part of the industrial strategy." The report identifies the need to provide training in skills in "informatics, computational, mathematical and statistics areas" as being of major concern for the life sciences industry. Over the last 9 years, the existing SABS CDT has been working with its consortium of now 22 industrial and institutional partners to meet these training needs. Over this same period, continued advances in information technology have accelerated the shift in the biomedical research landscape in an increasingly quantitative and predictive direction. As a result, computational and hence software-driven approaches now underpin all aspects of the research pipeline. In spite of this central importance, the development of research software is typically a by-product of the research process, with the research publication being the primary output. Research software is typically not made available to the research community, or even to peer reviewers, and therefore cannot be verified. Vast amounts of research time is lost (usually by PhD students with no formal training in software development) in re-implementing already-existing solutions from the literature. Even if successful, the re-implemented software is again not released to the community, and the cycle repeats. No consideration is made of the huge benefits of model verification, re-use, extension, and maintainability, nor of the implications for the reproducibility of the published research. Progress in biomedical science is thus impeded, with knock-on effects into clinical translation and knowledge transfer into industry. There is therefore an urgent need for a radically different approach. The SABS:R^3 CDT will build on the existing SABS Programme to equip a new generation of biomedical research scientists with not only the knowledge and methods necessary to take a quantitative and interdisciplinary approach, but also with advanced software engineering skills. By embedding this strong focus on sustainable and open computational methods, together with responsible and reproducible approaches, into all aspects of the new programme, our computationally-literate scientists will be equipped to act as ambassadors to bring about a transformation of biomedical research.

Medical imaging has made major contributions to healthcare, by providing noninvasive diagnostics, guidance, and unparalleled monitoring of treatment and understanding of disease. A suite of multimodal imaging modalities is nowadays available, and scanner hardware technology continues to advance, with high-field, hybrid, real-time and hand-held imaging further pushing on technological boundaries; furthermore, new developments of contrast agents and radioactive tracers open exciting new avenues in designing more targeted molecular imaging probes. Conventionally, the individual imaging components of probes and contrast mechanisms, acquisition and reconstruction, and analysis and interpretation are addressed separately. This however, is creating unnecessary silos between otherwise highly synergistic disciplines, which our current EPSRC CDT in Medical Imaging at King's College London and Imperial College London has already started to successfully challenge. Our new CDT will push this even further by bridging the different imaging disciplines and clinical applications, with the interdisciplinary research based on complementary collaborations and new research directions that would not have been possible five years ago. Through a comprehensive, integrated training programme in Smart Medical Imaging we will train the next generation of medical imaging researchers that is needed to reach the full potential of medical imaging through so-called "smart" imaging technologies. To achieve this ambitious goal we have developed four new Scientific Themes which are synergistically interlinked: AI-enabled Imaging, Smart Imaging Probes, Emerging Imaging and Affordable Imaging. This is complemented by a dedicated 1+3 training programme, with a new MRes in Healthcare Technologies at King's as the foundation year, strong industry links in form of industry placements, careers mentoring and workshops, entrepreneurship training, and opportunities in engaging with international training programmes and academic labs to become part of a wider cohort. Cohort building, Responsible Research & Innovation, Equality, Diversity & Inclusion, and Public Engagement will be firmly embedded in this programme. Students graduating from this CDT will have acquired a broad set of scientific and transferable skills that will enable them to work across the different medical imaging sub-disciplines, gaining a high employability over wider sectors.