The term microwave is used in reference to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about one meter to one millimetre. In the electromagnetic spectrum microwave wavelengths are shorter than those of radio waves but longer than those of infrared waves. Microwaves are used extensively in modern communication systems, including: mobile networks, WiFi, GPS, satellite TV, etc.. Other applications, include: heating, radar, imaging, etc.. The number of applications for microwaves is increasing due to the increasing use of electronic devices and the convenience of communication without wires. In the future microwaves will be used in 5G mobile networks, which will see the introduction of a multitude of new devices, all relying on communication via wireless signals. Those new devices and applications include: driverless cars, remote surgery, virtual reality, internet of things, etc.. Today most of the components within a system, operating at microwave frequencies, are designed specifically for that particular application. This increases the cost, and time required to bring a new product to market. In turn, this impacts the price which consumers pay for goods and services e.g. mobile handsets. In this research we ask the question; what if a communication system could be assembled from a collection of standardised bricks in just the same way that anything can be constructed from standard Lego(TM) bricks? Then the design task would reduce to that of devising and designing a suitable set of bricks with which to create a range of different systems. To some extent this already happens; for example, companies produce a range of frequency selective filters having different specifications, and one can select a filter for a particular application. However, the enormous variety of different systems means that a large number of different variations are required. So a huge amount of design effort is still required. In this research we consider what would happen if, we could devise a generic Lego(TM) brick that would assume different sizes and forms. This would enable us to construct any system from a collection of this single almost magical Lego(TM) brick. If this could be achieved the task of designing a complex microwave system, such as the radio within a mobile handset, would merely involve deciding how to assemble a collection of these "magic" Lego(TM) bricks to create the required system. The idea, although attractive, sounds like a fantasy because from our everyday experience we "know" that no object cannot mutate to assume any form and then hold that form, at will. Surely, such a concept is pure science fiction and the stuff of movies like the terminator... Well, no in fact it is not, since 2014 researcher have been working intensively on a new and exciting material which behaves in a way very much like the metal seen in the terminator movies. This material is a metal and yet it is also a liquid at room temperature. Excitingly it can be caused to move under direct electrical control and to hold its shape, at will. In this research we plan to use that material to a create this "magic" Lego(TM) brick which behaves as a universal microwave component. Being made from liquid the component can be flowed into different sizes and forms and thus we obtain 'liquid wires'. To create larger systems, we will simply need to decide how to join the bricks together so that they can operate in unison to perform more complex functions. Our research is highly interdisciplinary in nature and will benefit the U.K. economy across a wide range of different areas, including: chemistry, materials science, and engineering. The technology could revolutionise the way that communications systems are designed and built, resulting in entire new industries.

We will establish the primary global manufacturing research hub for Compound Semiconductors that brings together Academic and Industrial researchers. This will capitalize on existing academic expertise in Cardiff, Manchester, Sheffield and UCL and the UK indigenous corporate strength in the key advanced materials technology of Compound Semiconductors. Cardiff, the Compound Semiconductor Centre and the other spoke universities will provide > £100M of additive capital leverage to the Hub, providing European leading facilities for large scale compound semiconductor epitaxial growth, device fabrication and characterisation enabling the most effective translation of research to manufacturing. The hub will operate at the necessary scale and with the necessary reach to change the approach of the UK compound semiconductor research community to one focused on starting from research solutions that can be manufactured. It will do this by providing the necessary tools and expertise and will become the missing exploitation link for the UK compound semiconductor research community. It will be a magnet and the driver for high technology industry and will act as the focal point for Europe's 5th Semiconductor Cluster and the 1st dedicated to compound semiconductors. Partners will include local and UK companies and global organisations. The importance of compound semiconductor technology cannot be overstated. It has underpinned the internet and enabled megatrends such as Smart Phones and Tablets, satellite communications / GPS, Direct Broadcast TV, energy efficient LED lighting, efficient solar power generation, high capacity communication networks, data storage, ground breaking healthcare and biotechnology. Silicon has supported the information society in the 20th century and dominates memory and processor function, but is reaching fundamental limits. Whilst the combination of Silicon and compound semiconductors will produce a second revolution in the information age, they are very different materials with, for example, different fundamental lattice constants and different thermal properties and have different device fabrication requirements. We propose research into large scale Compound Semiconductor manufacturing and in manufacturing integrated Compound Semiconductors on Silicon. The scale of the hub means we can bring together three world leading researchers in the growth of compound semiconductors on Silicon. Each has individually invented different solutions to tackle the silicon / compound semiconductor interface - together they will invent the universal solution. We will solve the scientific challenges in wafer size scale-up, process statistical control and integrated epitaxial growth and processing to facilitate new devices and integrated systems and open up completely new areas of research, only possible with reliable and reproducible fabrication, such as electronically controlled Qubits. We will facilitate the improved communication infrastructure necessary for the connected world and the integrated systems of the Internet of Things. We will produce large area integrated sensor arrays for, e.g. in-process Non-Destructive Testing, further benefiting manufacturing but also improving our safety and security. The key outcomes will be to 1) To radically boost the uptake and application of Compound Semiconductor technology by applying the manufacturing approaches of Silicon to Compound Semiconductors, 2) To exploit the highly advantageous electronic, magnetic, optical and power handling properties of Compound Semiconductors while utilising the cost and scaling advantage of silicon technology where best suited and 3) To generate novel integrated functionality such as sensing, data processing and communication.