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Sedimentary mechanisms of a modern banded iron formation on Milos Island, Greece
Sedimentary mechanisms of a modern banded iron formation on Milos Island, Greece
An early Quaternary shallow submarine hydrothermal iron formation (IF) in the Cape Vani sedimentary basin (CVSB) on Milos Island, Greece, displays banded rhythmicity similar to Precambrian banded iron formation (BIF). Field-wide stratigraphic and biogeochemical reconstructions show two temporal and spatially isolated iron deposits in the CVSB with distinct sedimentological character. Petrographic screening suggests the presence of a photoferrotrophic-like microfossil-rich IF (MFIF), accumulated on a basement consisting of andesites in a ∼ 150 m wide basin in the SW margin of the basin. A banded nonfossiliferous IF (NFIF) sits on top of the Mn-rich sandstones at the transition to the renowned Mn-rich formation, capping the NFIF unit. Geochemical data relate the origin of the NFIF to periodic submarine volcanism and water column oxidation of released Fe(II) in conditions predominated by anoxia, similar to the MFIF. Raman spectroscopy pairs hematite-rich grains in the NFIF with relics of a carbonaceous material carrying an average δ13Corg signature of ∼ −25‰. A similar δ13Corg signature in the MFIF could not be directly coupled to hematite by mineralogy. The NFIF, which postdates large-scale Mn deposition in the CVSB, is composed primarily of amorphous Si (opal-SiO2 ⋅ nH2O) while crystalline quartz (SiO2) predominates the MFIF. An intricate interaction between tectonic processes, changing redox, biological activity, and abiotic Si precipitation are proposed to have collectively formed the unmetamorphosed BIF-type deposits in a shallow submarine volcanic center. Despite the differences in Precambrian ocean–atmosphere chemistry and the present geologic time, these formation mechanisms coincide with those believed to have formed Algoma-type BIFs proximal to active seafloor volcanic centers.
- University of Southern Denmark Denmark
- Cardiff University United Kingdom
- Stockholm University Sweden
- Swedish Museum of Natural History Sweden
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Greece
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Alfieris, D.: Geological, geochemical and mineralogical studies of shallow submarine epithermal mineralization in an emergent volcanic edifice, at Milos Island (western side), Greece, PhD thesis, Department of Geosciences at Universität Hamburg, 2006.
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Alfieris, D., Voudouris, P., and Spry, P.: Shallow submarine epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu-Au-Ag-Te mineralization on western Milos Island, Aegean Volcanic Arc, Greece: Mineralogical, geological and geochemical constraints, Ore Geol. Rev., 53, 159-180, 2013. [OpenAIRE]
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Bahlburg, H. and Dobrzinski, N.: A review of the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and its application to the study of Neoproterozoic glacial deposits and climate transition, Geol. Soc. London Mem., 36, 81-92, 2011. [OpenAIRE]
Bau, M. and Dulski, P.: Distribution of yttrium and rare- earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman Iron-Formations, oxidative scavenging of cerium on hydrous Fe oxide, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa, Precambrian Res., 79, 37-55, 1996.
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Bekker, A., Slack, J. F., Planavsky, N., Krapež B., Hofmann, A., Konhauser, K. O., and Rouxel, O. J.: Iron formation: The sedimentary product of a complex interplay among mantle, tectonic, oceanic, and biospheric processes, Econ. Geol., 105, 467-508, 2010.
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Citations provided by BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!- University of Southern Denmark Denmark
- Cardiff University United Kingdom
- Stockholm University Sweden
- Swedish Museum of Natural History Sweden
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Greece
- Department of Palaebotany Swedish Museum of Natural History Sweden
An early Quaternary shallow submarine hydrothermal iron formation (IF) in the Cape Vani sedimentary basin (CVSB) on Milos Island, Greece, displays banded rhythmicity similar to Precambrian banded iron formation (BIF). Field-wide stratigraphic and biogeochemical reconstructions show two temporal and spatially isolated iron deposits in the CVSB with distinct sedimentological character. Petrographic screening suggests the presence of a photoferrotrophic-like microfossil-rich IF (MFIF), accumulated on a basement consisting of andesites in a ∼ 150 m wide basin in the SW margin of the basin. A banded nonfossiliferous IF (NFIF) sits on top of the Mn-rich sandstones at the transition to the renowned Mn-rich formation, capping the NFIF unit. Geochemical data relate the origin of the NFIF to periodic submarine volcanism and water column oxidation of released Fe(II) in conditions predominated by anoxia, similar to the MFIF. Raman spectroscopy pairs hematite-rich grains in the NFIF with relics of a carbonaceous material carrying an average δ13Corg signature of ∼ −25‰. A similar δ13Corg signature in the MFIF could not be directly coupled to hematite by mineralogy. The NFIF, which postdates large-scale Mn deposition in the CVSB, is composed primarily of amorphous Si (opal-SiO2 ⋅ nH2O) while crystalline quartz (SiO2) predominates the MFIF. An intricate interaction between tectonic processes, changing redox, biological activity, and abiotic Si precipitation are proposed to have collectively formed the unmetamorphosed BIF-type deposits in a shallow submarine volcanic center. Despite the differences in Precambrian ocean–atmosphere chemistry and the present geologic time, these formation mechanisms coincide with those believed to have formed Algoma-type BIFs proximal to active seafloor volcanic centers.