Bacterial infections, including infections in the heart known as infective endocarditis, are a growing global health threat. Infective endocarditis, affecting heart tissue and medical devices like pacemakers, is challenging to diagnose and treat. This is because bacteria produce a protective layer called a biofilm that blocks the immune system and antibiotics. As a result, many patients need high-risk surgeries to remove the infected heart tissue or devices. This project aims to clearly understand how bacteria form biofilms in the heart. Additionally, new methods will be developed to diagnose the infection early and effectively treat it using tiny gas bubbles.