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Reading Urdu on the internet: Lahori Nasta 'liq as a case study for enabling digital parity across global scripts

Funder: UK Research and InnovationProject code: 2887827
Funded under: AHRC

Reading Urdu on the internet: Lahori Nasta 'liq as a case study for enabling digital parity across global scripts

Description

Urdu is spoken by 230 million people globally (Urdu, 2022) and written in the complex PersoArabic script style of Lahori Nasta'liq. This script style renders so poorly online that communities are forced to romanise Urdu or share images of text. Such tactics threaten both an essential aspect of Urdu's reading culture and disenfranchises Urdu users across the world from communicating with each other online. Using Lahori Nasta'liq as a case study, my project proposes an interventional framework through which digital technologies can be adapted to support the typographic complexity of non-Latin scripts in online spaces. This project is based on the proposition that a culturally sensitive reproduction of a script is intimately tied to concepts of identity, inclusion and belonging, and modernity. This proposal is timely as it contextualises the gaps in existing typesetting technologies within broader discussions of communal identity. Urdu is Pakistan's official language. Nearly all genres of Urdu documents, from road signage to children's books and newspapers are typeset in Lahori Nasta'liq. Printed Urdu in Lahori Nastaliq displays a high level of legibility and visual sophistication that is stylistically in tune with native reader expectations. This sophistication is absent in Lahori Nasta'liq text online. Web technologies are slowly moving towards internationalisation, but they retain a Eurocentric bias, primed to best support the Latin script. No open web typographic framework takes as its foundation a non-Latin script. This project aims to actively challenge existing models of readability by providing an opportunity for websites in global scripts to be designed and built according to conventions that support the natural characteristics of each script. My research provides the missing link between the distinct research streams of typography, print studies and software engineering. My study investigates how Urdu users' expectations for Lahori Nastaliq are shaped through Urdu's print history and culture, and how that typographic identity can be maintained through web-based interventions. The primary research question is: How can web technologies be creatively adapted to reflect the typographic sophistication present in Lahori Nasta'liq's print culture? Related secondary questions are: 1. How has Nasta'liq's modern typographic identity been influenced by Urdu manuscripts, and lithographs? 2. What typographic conventions are culturally significant for Urdu readers? 3. How do web technologies fail at supporting Lahori Nasta'liq requirements? 4. How does the absence of Nastaliq typographic conventions on Urdu websites impact user experience?

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