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Renewable energy has recently gained significant global attention as a response to climate concerns. In the UK, offshore renewable energy (wind, tidal, and wave) holds promising potential for driving the transition towards clean energy production. However, the development of renewable energy at sea presents challenges, such as potential conflicts with existing sea-based activities and environmental threats. These risks become more concerning when it comes to large-scale projects falling under the category of Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIPs) under the Planning Act 2008. These projects are subject to consultation obligations that form part of mandatory Environmental Assessment (EA). Within this framework, developers must inform the public about the potential harmful environmental effects of the project and allow stakeholders to express their opinions. The research in this area has extensively considered the importance of public participation, demonstrating that involving the public and stakeholders in discussions and decision-making processes enhances the quality of decisions made, thereby improving the environmental impact of proposed projects. Whilst stakeholder engagement cannot in itself be the sole cause of either the approval or rejection of development consent, it has been found that stakeholder engagement has led to the realisation of effective mitigation measures aiming to prevent, reduce and potentially offset adverse environmental effects. Thus, public engagement plays an important role in mitigating environmental threats arising from renewable energy developments. The UK Government has recently announced that EIA will be replaced by a new procedure called Environmental Outcome Reports (EORs). The rationale behind this major alteration to the law is to streamline the process and remove barriers to development such as costly and time-consuming procedures faced by developers. However, simplifying the EA process for developers may limit public participation and the opportunity for stakeholders to influence the planning decisions. Research is needed to analyse the extent to which the recently-proposed EORs will impact upon the social dimension of marine planning. Given the crucial role of public participation in ensuring the democratic legitimacy of decisions, this research will make a novel contribution by examining public engagement within the new regime of EORs. It will focus on offshore renewable projects due to the strong incentives of the UK to accelerate progress in blue economy, and to harness clean energy resources from oceans which can increase tension between different stakeholders with competing interests in the use of the sea. Therefore, the primary objective of the research is to analyse the extent to which public engagement is addressed in the new regulatory framework of EORs within the context of offshore renewable energy development. Since the details of the EORs are currently in the process of being determined through secondary legislation, this timely research will identify the main challenges currently surrounding public engagement for offshore renewables and will propose practical solutions for the new EOR system to follow. This will be achieved by conducting semi-structured interviews with those who have participated in recently consented offshore renewable energy developments in the UK. A law-in-context approach will be adopted to analyse the relevant rules within their broader environmental and societal context. To this end, an interdisciplinary methodology will be employed, combining legal doctrinal methods with empirical data collection. While the UK region will serve as the primary context for analysis, the ultimate findings of the research will provide valuable insights for policymakers worldwide who seek to improve public engagement in their respective EA procedures for offshore renewable energy.
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