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Dissolved iron (II) in the Baltic Sea surface water and implications for cyanobacterial bloom development
Copyright policy )Abstract. Iron chemistry measurements were conducted during summer 2007 at two distinct locations in the Baltic Sea (Gotland Deep and Landsort Deep) to evaluate the role of iron for cyanobacterial bloom development in these estuarine waters. Depth profiles of Fe(II) were measured by chemiluminescent flow injection analysis (CL-FIA) and reveal several origins of Fe(II) to the water column. Photoreduction of Fe(III)-complexes and deposition by rain are main sources of Fe(II) (up to 0.9 nmol L−1) in light penetrated surface waters. Indication for organic Fe(II) complexation resulting in prolonged residence times in oxygenated water was observed. Surface dwelling heterocystous cyanobacteria where mainly responsible for Fe(II) consumption in comparison to other phytoplankton. The significant Fe(II) concentrations in surface waters apparently play a major role in cyanobacterial bloom development in the Baltic Sea and are a major contributor to the Fe requirements of diazotrophs. Second, Fe(II) concentrations up to 1.44 nmol L−1 were observed at water depths below the euphotic zone, but above the oxic anoxic interface. Finally, all Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II) in anoxic deep water. However, only a fraction thereof is present as ferrous ions (up to 28 nmol L−1) and was detected by the CL-FIA method applied. Despite their high concentrations, it is unlikely that ferrous ions originating from sub-oxic waters could be a temporary source of bioavailable iron to the euphotic zone since mixed layer depths after strong wind events are not deep enough in summer time.
Microsoft Academic Graph classification: Algal bloom Mixed layer Plankton Oceanography Surface water Photic zone Bottom water Anoxic waters Environmental science Phytoplankton
Library of Congress Subject Headings: lcsh:Ecology lcsh:QH540-549.5 lcsh:Life lcsh:QH501-531 lcsh:Geology lcsh:QE1-996.5
Earth-Surface Processes, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Geochemistry, Geokemi
Earth-Surface Processes, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Geochemistry, Geokemi
Microsoft Academic Graph classification: Algal bloom Mixed layer Plankton Oceanography Surface water Photic zone Bottom water Anoxic waters Environmental science Phytoplankton
Library of Congress Subject Headings: lcsh:Ecology lcsh:QH540-549.5 lcsh:Life lcsh:QH501-531 lcsh:Geology lcsh:QE1-996.5
- University of Otago New Zealand
- Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres Germany
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Germany
- Stockholm University Sweden
- University of Gothenburg Sweden
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- University of Otago New Zealand
- Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres Germany
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Germany
- Stockholm University Sweden
- University of Gothenburg Sweden
- Luleå University of Technology Sweden
Abstract. Iron chemistry measurements were conducted during summer 2007 at two distinct locations in the Baltic Sea (Gotland Deep and Landsort Deep) to evaluate the role of iron for cyanobacterial bloom development in these estuarine waters. Depth profiles of Fe(II) were measured by chemiluminescent flow injection analysis (CL-FIA) and reveal several origins of Fe(II) to the water column. Photoreduction of Fe(III)-complexes and deposition by rain are main sources of Fe(II) (up to 0.9 nmol L−1) in light penetrated surface waters. Indication for organic Fe(II) complexation resulting in prolonged residence times in oxygenated water was observed. Surface dwelling heterocystous cyanobacteria where mainly responsible for Fe(II) consumption in comparison to other phytoplankton. The significant Fe(II) concentrations in surface waters apparently play a major role in cyanobacterial bloom development in the Baltic Sea and are a major contributor to the Fe requirements of diazotrophs. Second, Fe(II) concentrations up to 1.44 nmol L−1 were observed at water depths below the euphotic zone, but above the oxic anoxic interface. Finally, all Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II) in anoxic deep water. However, only a fraction thereof is present as ferrous ions (up to 28 nmol L−1) and was detected by the CL-FIA method applied. Despite their high concentrations, it is unlikely that ferrous ions originating from sub-oxic waters could be a temporary source of bioavailable iron to the euphotic zone since mixed layer depths after strong wind events are not deep enough in summer time.