The uses of timber in Mycenaean architecture and in the palatial architecture of the Neopalatial period in Crete were identified very early on and have been summarised in works devoted to the architecture of these periods: however, it has never been the subject of an overall study or of a comparative approach. The TiMMA project proposes to fill this gap. The objective is to gather in an interactive database all the current data on the presence of wood in the architecture of the Aegean Bronze Age (Greece and Crete) by concentrating the study on a series of selected sites (Pylos, Mycenae and Tirynthe, but also Malia, Phaestos, Zakros and Knossos, as well as Akrotiri on the island of Thera). Directors of each excavation are member of the team. In order to reconstruct as much as possible the wood supply, we will also compile the archaeo-environmental data of these sites, as well as the results of the palynological research in order to approximate the forest cover of the surroundings and the available trees. This work will make it possible to evaluate the structural role of timber (load-bearing system, reinforcement, seismic function or not of the device), thanks to structural calculations and 3D restitutions, reinforced by the use of experimental archaeology on a few buildings chosen among the sites selected for their exemplary nature and the data collected. It will be possible to evaluate the use of wood, to distinguish the borrowings and the specificities of each architecture and to make progress in the comprehension of the relations between Minoans and Mycenaeans. The TiMMA project therefore concerns the history of buildings, the history of techniques and architecture as well as cultural history. The techniques and uses of wood, particularly in Neopalatial Minoan architecture, also provide food for thought regarding the new uses of this material in current eco-construction and particularly the reuse of traditional techniques.

Albeit by no means new, collaboration in science has recently gained unprecedented momentum and visibility. Commonly presented as “a good thing”, it has become an imperative. This holds especially true for sustainability science, a recent and expanding problem-driven science that focuses on the dynamic interactions between nature and society and aims to create and apply knowledge in support of decision making for sustainable development. Researchers in this field are strongly encouraged to work with colleagues from other disciplines and actors from outside academia. Yet, little is currently known about how collaborations transform the work practices and identities of researchers and contribute to the shift towards more sustainability. COLLAB² will offer both a broad and in-depth view of inter- and transdisciplinary collaborations in sustainability science. It will pursue the four following goals: 1) elaborate a typology of these collaborations, based on a thorough investigation of their characteristics; 2) describe and analyse their dynamics: how they unfold over time, what stimulates or on the contrary hinders them, at various levels; 3) explore their effects on the practices, roles, identities and trajectories of researchers and their collaborators, and their capacity to contribute to the shift towards more sustainability. A fourth cross-cutting goal is to conduct this research and disseminate its results in close association with sustainability scientists and their partners, so that this project about collaboration will itself be highly collaborative (hence the acronym COLLAB²). COLLAB² will explore the full scope of collaborations in sustainability science in three institutional settings aiming to foster them: CNRS’s Zones Ateliers and Observatoires Hommes-Milieux, and biosphere reserves. It will produce a balanced and multi-level analysis of collaborations, and address their different dimensions (material, cognitive, relational and affective) in the long run. A common research framework will be adopted to allow a cross analysis of the data. It will rely on a mixed method, combining bibliometric tools, a national questionnaire that will be disseminated simultaneously in the three institutions, and an ethnographic survey of a sample of diversified collaborative projects. COLLAB² will devote paramount attention to the perspectives of participants in collaborations, which is crucial given the importance of their human factors but has seldom been addressed so far. COLLAB² will bring together six social and life scientists with strong personal experience of collaborations in sustainability science and wanting to explore them together and with other partners. A dyad of collaborators from each institution investigated will be closely associated to the work of the consortium throughout the project. This will enable us to experiment with a process of participative and iterative reflection through the sharing of experiences and ideas beyond the consortium, leading to new knowledge and mutual learning. COLLAB² will thus make an invaluable contribution to the emerging scientific field of collaboration studies. Its results will be disseminated to a large and diversified audience, using well-adapted language and through a wide array of communication channels (articles in academic and technical journals; conferences and seminars; presentations to the institutions investigated; short videos; interactive website). It will help sustainability scientists and their collaborators to identify the factors and effects of collaborations, overcome their inherent difficulties and form a community of practice. It will provide science policymakers and relevant ministries with concrete recommendations to improve collaborations in sustainability science and craft sound research policies in the Anthropocene.

World population gathers in urban areas restructuring at the local and regional levels the urban territories. These spaces are characterized by paradoxical process on the one hand a sprawl at the expense of natural and agricultural ecosystems and on the other hand a densification of the urban fabric. These combined processes have impacted the climate characteristics of local and regional scales (Shafri et al. 2012), as well as biotic and abiotic processes (Voogt and Oki, 2003). Needs for more information followed these developments, reinforced by the emergence of logics of sustainable development at different spatial scales. Current satellite data provide limited information, features urban complicating their use, by the strong internal dynamic, spatial heterogeneity of the elements, geometric shapes (horizontal and vertical), variety of materials and presence of shadow. Mapping of surfaces, state of vegetation, follow-up of the ageing of materials, characterization of plant biodiversity (Miller & Small, 2003) covering strong fields of investigation. Various works show the contribution of hyperspectral compared the multispectral imagery. For Platt and Goetz (2004) the performance of the classification of urban surfaces obtained with images acquired by the spectro-imager Aviris are superior to those obtained with Landsat ETM + data. More recently. Tan and Wang (2007) assess the gain made by the hyperspectral instrument CHRIS/PROBA on the classification and use of urban areas from ASTER (3 bands VISNIR) data. Several authors (Chen, 2008) illustrate the limitations of multi-spectral sensors for the characterization of the impervious surfaces from hyperspectral imagery. The identification of plant species and vegetation (Mc Kinney, 2002) health survey can be an asset for the greenways. The richness and complexity of materials and forms in urban centres require specific spectral characteristics ranging from the visible to the SWIR (< 2.5 µm). Herold et al. (2003), has shown that spectrometers provides a high continuous spectral domain spectral resolution better identify (compared to usual sensors) and spatial information on soils, vegetation and materials (Chen, 2008, Pascucci et al 2010). The average size of urban objects lies between 10 and 20 m (Cutter et al. 2004). Also, a resolution of 5 m or better is considered necessary for a representation of urban objects (buildings, roads), vegetation (Jansen et al. 2012), or the planning of the territory (Wania & Weber, 2007). The contribution of the EnMAP data in a context of development and urban planning was recently studied by Heldens et al. (2011), but the spatial resolution of 30 m provides inadequate information at the district level. Taking into account geometric environment characteristics, the capacity of an instrument as HYPXIM combining high-resolution spectral (hyperspectral imaging) and spatial (panchromatic Imaging) information should allow to study objects of less than 5 m with a capacity to cover the spectral range 0.4 to 2.5 µm. Hyperspectral imaging may thus lift some of the identified locks but requires better understanding of the specificities of urban system and its elements (geometry spectral properties). This project is designed to justify the mission HYPXIM (french hyperspectral sensor) compared to the existing and future missions, define ways of treatments to use these images and constitute a morpho-spectral database adapted to these various missions.

The cross-disciplinary MONOIL Project ambition is to participate to the description of human vulnerability facing environmental changes due to oil activities in Ecuador. Usually, oil pollution is considered when environmental crises occur following transport or operating accidents, thereby giving rise to what is commonly called "oil spills". In the case of Ecuador, the issue of chronic contamination occurred decades ago with the arrival of private oil companies in the Amazon basin, even if its mediatisation began with the Texaco court trial in the early 90s. Since then, it takes part of the daily life of local communities. The main objective of the MONOIL Project is to improve the understanding, the monitoring, the reduction and the control of oil contaminations and their impacts on society and environment in terms of damage but also vulnerabilities, to enable the co-construction of strategies that reduce vulnerability and adaptation, ecologically sustainable, economically viable, appropriate sociologically and politically relevant. Facing the issue and the stakes within the sustainable development context, another challenge will consist in participating to the development of new governance tools on both environment and energy for supporting a better remediation and preventing capacity of the industrial actors and the public action institutions working on this issue. The specific objectives of the MONOIL Project consist to assess: 1) the environmental impacts in two study areas of the Amazon basin and along the Pacific coast, around the Esmeraldas refinery, 2) the social and economic impacts of oil exploration at a larger scale, regarding the regional development of the study areas, 3) the vulnerabilities and tendencies of riparian people to face the potential contamination of natural resources at different scales (national, regional, local and at the home scale), and 4) to develop technical and organizational solutions to face the risks. The scientific holistic position and the cross-disciplinary approach we adopted (the project combines researchers in sociology, geography, epidemiology, hydrology, geochemistry, toxicology, biology and Ecuadorian operational actors) will allow achieving the scientific objectives of the project and ensuring the transfer to local actors, as decision support tools. Through the transfer of operating knowledge and scientific tools to academic, industrial, political partners and the civil society, MONOIL will be part of the implementation of a policy that better integrates energy issues and society challenges as an environmental, health and sustainable development as a whole.

As part of the international Open Science movement, this project deals with the structuration, sharing and opening of research data in the context of a network of thirteen CNRS-INEE observatories (OHMs): the Interdisciplinary Research Facility on Human-Environment Interactions supported by the ANR (LabEx DRIIHM 2012-2025). This network involves nearly 1000 scientists. Large amounts of heterogeneous data are produced or collected, covering research in Natural and Life Sciences, and Human and Social Sciences. Several initiatives have been carried out within the LabEx DRIIHM to increase visibility and data sharing to connect scientific teams that are not always linked, promote the re-use of data and potentially lead to the emergence of new research topics. A range of tools has been developed over the years: metadata geo-catalogs, web GIS platforms, photo libraries, HAL collections, etc. However, there are significant contrasts in the contribution to these tools and their use between OHMs, and two surveys conducted in 2017 and 2018 showed that researchers remain poorly informed about Open Science practices. The DRIIHM community is globally motivated by data sharing, but does not know how to proceed and identifies obstacles such as fear of hacking, misuse, security or loss of data ownership. The objective of this project is to optimize the appropriation of Open Science by the DRIIHM community through: i) the organization of awareness campaigns showing the benefits of data sharing and openness; ii) the co-construction of a more ergonomic and interoperable e-infrastructure, integrating existing tools and accompanying researchers to find, share and (re-)use data through the concrete and gradual implementation of the FAIR principles. This project is part of international initiatives such as the Research Data Alliance and GO FAIR. This Flash call offers the opportunity to strengthen the collaboration recently initiated with ergonomists and web development specialists to respond more closely to the community health needs and highly improve the existing infrastructure. The methodology is based on an iterative and incremental AGILE software development: the e-infrastructure will be enhanced with new features after each iteration. The originality of this project lies in the co-construction, researchers being involved at the early stages of the project. Challenges are to identify the current practices in data management and data access, and then to manage change with the integration of Open Science practices into the data lifecycle. Training workshops will enable the DRIIHM community to learn how to use and evaluate the new e-infrastructure efficiently. Indicators will be developed to measure the evolution of practices, the usability of the e-infrastructure and the level of data FAIRness. The impacts of this project will be the directly quantifiable use of the e-infrastructure by the community of data producers and users. As a result, researchers will acquire a better knowledge of Open Science and their datasets will gain in visibility. They will be aware of data management using a Data Management Plan model and will have the opportunity to generate a data paper draft. The e-infrastructure source codes will be freely accessible and maintained on a dedicated repository platform. The scientific production will be open access and referenced in HAL. The methodological solutions developed and tested in this is project can be exploited beyond the LabEx DRIIHM. Finally, through the implementation of interoperability, research data will be visible in major national and international data infrastructures including the future European Open Science Cloud portal.